The Heat Is On!
Exposure to high temperatures can have adverse effects on your rockets. The most severe internal environment, because it is a longer lasting environment during flight, is the rocket motor case temperature. Per National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) code NFPA 1125, rocket motors up to 160 Newton-seconds (N-sec) total impulse are permitted to have a case temperature up to 200oC (392oF) and rocket motors that exceed 160 N-sec total impulse are permitted to have a case temperature up to 220oC (428oF). Ejection charges may be hotter but last for a shorter duration.
The most severe external environment is probably in your car. Portions of a closed car interior on a 38oC (100oF) day can reach over 66oC (150oF) within an hour and rockets may be exposed to this environment for several hours. Even rockets that are in the open, e.g. on a table in direct sunlight, can be warmed to temperatures up to 22oC (40oF) hotter than the ambient air temperature. Aerodynamic heating is typically not an issue except for multi-Mach rockets.
Adhesives can soften and weaken at elevated temperatures. Epoxies heated above their glass transition temperature will be become rubbery (but return to their glassy, solid state upon cooling). For example, the glass transition temperature for West Systems 105 epoxy resin and its hardeners is around 55oC. Plastic materials may lose strength and warp at elevated temperatures. An example is PLA polymer commonly used for 3D printing. Its glass transition temperature is typically 60oC to 65oC.
Batteries are also affected by high temperatures. Typical 18650 lithium-ion batteries can operate safely without immediate adverse effects up to 45 oC to 55oC (113 oF to 131oF). Some sources suggest an upper limit of 70oC (158oF); operating above this limit increases a risk of fire or explosion from thermal runaway or pressure buildup. Battery charging of lithium-ion batteries is not recommended above 45oC (113oF). For alkaline batteries the accepted maximum operating temperature is approximately 54oC (130oF)
There are some preventative actions the flyer can take. Consider the temperature properties of your batteries, adhesives, and building materials and use them in appropriate locations (no hot melt adhesives, please). Keep your car as cool as possible (e.g. open windows and sunshades when parked). Keep your rockets out of the direct sun; an emergency mylar blanket can be an effective sunshade. Painting your rockets in lighter colors will also help (during car testing a dark colored car was over 8oC (15oF) warmer inside than a lighter colored car after a couple of hours).
Steve Lubliner (from Tucson, Arizona where it’s a dry heat, like an oven)
NAR Safety Committee Chairman